Saturday, 29 February 2020
Friday, 28 February 2020
Tongue, histology, discussion, viva, oral, questions
- What are the layers of tongue?
- Mucosa
- Partially keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- Lamina propria
- Thick muscular layer
- Why is epithelium rough on dorsal surface?
- The epithelium is rough on dorsal surface due to the projections called papillae
- Name 4 types of papillae/ what are the 4 types of papillae?
- Filiform
- Fungiform
- Circumvallate
- Foliate
- Which papillae is not seen in humans / which papillae is absent in humans?
- Foliate
- Which papillae are more numerous?
- Filiform is more numerous covering entire anterior 2/3rd of dorsal surface of tongue
- Which papillae is keratinized and which are non-keratinized?
- Filiform is keratinized
- Fungiform and circumvallate are non keratinized
- What is the distribution of fungiform papillae?
- It is distributed at the tip and sides of tongue
- What is the distribution of circumvallate papillae?
- Around 12 to 15 circumvallate papillae are present at the junction of anterior 2/3rd and posterior 1/3rd of the tongue
- Describe filiform papillae
- Filiform papillae are bent sharp conical projections of epithelium directed posteriorly. It is partially covered by keratin at the tip
- Describe fungiform papillae
- They are mushroom shaped larger, taller and broader papillae
- It has core of lamina propria surrounded by non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- Few taste buds may be present towards surface of epithelium
- Describe circumvallate papillae
- It is surrounded by deep trench or furrow. It is lined by non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium with a core of lamina propria
- Lamina propria has numerous secondary papillae projecting into epithelium. It has connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics and von Ebner’s glands which open into trench
- Taste buds are present on lateral walls
- Where are the taste buds present?
- They extend along the whole thickness of epithelium in lateral wall of circumvallate papillae and on surface epithelium of fungiform papillae
- Describe taste buds
- Sustentacular cells or supporting cells- elongated with dark cytoplasm and slender dark nucleus
- Gustatory cells or taste cells or sensory cells or neuroepithelial cells- lighter cytoplasm and oval light nucleus
- Basal cells near basement membrane of taste bud
- It has a small opening in the center which opens towards the epithelial surface
- What are intragemmal and intergemmal fibers?
- Intragemmal fibers- sensory fibers ending within the taste buds
- Intergemmal fibers- fibers ending freely in epithelium in between taste cells
- Name the components of lamina propria
- Loose connective tissue
- Blood vessels
- Nerves
- Lymphatics
- What is the arrangement of muscular layer
- Muscular layer is very thick and fibers are arranged in various directions
Stomach pylorus, histology, discussion, viva, oral, questions
- What are the four main layers of stomach pylorus?
- From within (lumen) outwards
- Mucosa (mucous membrane)
- Submucosa
- Muscularis externa
- Serosa
- What are the layers of mucosa?
- From lumen outwards
- Epithelial lining
- Lamina propria
- Muscularis mucosae
- What is the epithelial lining in stomach pylorus?
- Simple columnar epithelium
- What are gastric pits?
- Gastric pits are the invaginations of surface epithelium into the lamina propria and gastric glands open into it. It is more than 1/2 the thickness of the mucosa
- What are the components of lamina propria?
- Loose connective tissue
- Blood vessels
- Lymphatics
- Lymphocytes
- Nerves
- Pyloric glands
- What are pyloric glands?
- They are branched and highly coiled tubular glands extending the whole thickness of lamina propria and open into gastric pits
- Name the different types of cells in pyloric glands.
- Mucous cells
- Argentaffin cells or enteroendocrine cells
- What is muscularis mucosae?
- Muscularis mucosae is a thin layer of smooth muscle arranged as inner circular and outer longitudinal layers around the lamina propria
- What are the components of submucosa?
- Dense connective tissue
- Larger blood vessels
- Submucosal (Meissner's) plexus of autonomic nerves
- What are the components of muscularis externa?
- Inner oblique smooth muscle layer
- Middle circular smooth muscle layer
- Outer longitudinal smooth muscle layer
- Between outer two layers is thin connective tissue layer with blood vessels, lymph vessels, myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus of autonomic nerves
- What is serosa?
- Serosa- thin layer of loose connective tissue with numerous blood vessels, lymphatics, adipose tissue covered by simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium)
- Difference between serosa and adventitia
|
Serosa
|
Adventitia
|
|
Thin
layer of loose connective tissue with numerous blood vessels, lymphatics,
adipose tissue covered by mesothelium (simple
squamous epithelium)
|
Loose
connective tissue with numerous blood vessels, lymphatics, adipose tissue
which merges with surrounding tissues. Mesothelium is
absent
|
13. What is
mesothelium?
- It is a simple squamous epithelium covering a thin layer of loose connective tissue in the abdomen surrounding the viscera
14. What is
the function of Meissner's plexus?
- Meissner’s plexus regulates the configuration of the luminal surface, controls glandular secretions, alters electrolyte and water transport and regulates local blood flow
15. What is
the function of Myenteric plexus?
- Myenteric plexus supplies the GIT and controls the gastric motility
16. Give the
differences between the stomach fundus and pylorus
|
Fundus
|
Pylorus
|
|
|
Mucosa
|
Thrown
into temporary folds called rugae in empty stomach, disappears when distended
|
-
|
|
Gastric
pits
|
1/4th
of thickness of mucosa
|
More than ½ the thickness of mucosa
|
|
Gastric
glands
|
Long
simple tubular glands
|
Branched or coiled tubular glands
|
|
Cells
|
Mucus neck cells, Parietal
cells, chief cells, argentaffin cells
|
Mucus cells, argentaffin cells
|
|
The rest of the structure is same in both
|
||
stomach fundus, histology, discussion, viva, oral, questions
- What are the four main layers of stomach fundus?
- From within (lumen) outwards
- Mucosa (mucous membrane)
- Submucosa
- Muscularis externa
- Serosa or adventitia
- What are the layers of mucosa?
- From lumen outwards
- Epithelial lining
- Lamina propria
- Muscularis mucosae
- What is the epithelial lining in stomach fundus?
- Simple columnar epithelium
- What are gastric pits?
- Gastric pits are the invaginations of surface epithelium into the lamina propria and gastric glands open into it. It is 1/4th the thickness of the mucosa
- What are the components of lamina propria?
- Loose connective tissue
- Blood vessels
- Lymphatics
- Lymphocytes
- Nerves
- Gastric glands
- What are gastric glands?
- They are simple tubular glands extending the whole thickness of lamina propria and open into gastric pits
- What are the parts of gastric glands?
- Isthmus: close to the gastric pits
- Neck: below isthmus
- Fundus or base: distal part of gland
- Name the different types of cells in gastric glands.
- Simple columnar cells
- Mucous neck cells
- Parietal cells
- Chief cells
- Argentaffin cells or enteroendocrine cells
- What is muscularis mucosae?
- Muscularis mucosae is a thin layer of smooth muscle arranged as inner circular and outer longitudinal layers around the lamina propria
- What are the components of submucosa?
- Dense connective tissue
- Larger blood vessels
- Submucosal (Meissner's) plexus of autonomic nerves
- What are the components of muscularis externa?
- Inner oblique smooth muscle layer
- Middle circular smooth muscle layer
- Outer longitudinal smooth muscle layer
- Between outer two layers is thin connective tissue layer with blood vessels, lymph vessels, myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus of autonomic nerves
- What is serosa?
- Serosa- thin layer of loose connective tissue with numerous blood vessels, lymphatics, adipose tissue covered by simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium)
- Difference between serosa and adventitia
|
Serosa
|
Adventitia
|
|
Thin
layer of loose connective tissue with numerous blood vessels, lymphatics,
adipose tissue covered by mesothelium (simple squamous epithelium)
|
Loose
connective tissue with numerous blood vessels, lymphatics, adipose tissue
which merges with surrounding tissues. Mesothelium is absent
|
14. What is mesothelium?
- It is a simple squamous epithelium covering a thin layer of loose connective tissue in the abdomen surrounding the viscera
- Meissner’s plexus regulates the configuration of the luminal surface, controls glandular secretions, alters electrolyte and water transport and regulates local blood flow
- Myenteric plexus supplies the GIT and controls the gastric motility
|
Fundus
|
Pylorus
|
|
|
Mucosa
|
Thrown
into temporary folds called rugae in empty stomach, disappears when distended
|
-
|
|
Gastric
pits
|
1/4th
of thickness of mucosa
|
More than ½ the thickness of mucosa
|
|
Gastric
glands
|
Long
simple tubular glands
|
Branched or coiled tubular glands
|
|
Cells
|
Parietal
cells, chief cells, mucus neck cells, argentaffin cells
|
Mucus cells, argentaffin cells
|
|
The rest of the structure is same in both
|
||
Thursday, 27 February 2020
Esophagus, histology, discussion, viva, oral questions
- What are the layers of esophagus?
- From lumen outwards
- Mucosa
- Submucosa
- Muscularis externa
- Serosa or adventitia
- Name the layers of mucosa?
- Epithelial layer lined by stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
- Lamina propria
- Muscularis mucosa
- Why is it lined by stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium?
- It protects the esophagus from physical wear and tear occurring when it comes in contact with various types of food (hot, cold, spicy, junk)
- What are the components of lamina propria?
- Loose connective tissue
- Blood vessels
- Nerves
- Lymphatics
- Smooth muscle cells
- What is muscularis mucosae?
- Muscularis mucosae is a thin layer of smooth muscle arranged as longitudinal layer around the lamina propria
- what are the components of submucosa?
- Dense connective tissue
- Larger blood vessels
- Mucosal or esophageal glands
- Submucosal or Meissner's plexus of autonomic nerves
- What are the components of muscularis externa?
- In the upper 1/3rd skeletal muscle layer
- In the middle 1/3rd smooth and skeletal muscle layer
- In the lower 1/3rd only smooth muscle layer
- Myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus of autonomic nerves along thin layer of connective tissue
- What is serosa or adventitia?
- Abdominal part of esophagus: Serosa
- Thoracic part of esophagus: Adventitia
- Difference between serosa and adventitia
Serosa
|
Adventitia
|
Thin layer of loose connective tissue with numerous blood vessels, lymphatics, adipose tissue covered by simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium)
|
Loose connective tissue with numerous blood vessels, lymphatics, adipose tissue which merges with surrounding tissues. Mesothelium is absent
|
10. What is mesothelium?
- It is a simple squamous epithelium covering a thin layer of loose connective tissue in the abdomen surrounding the viscera
- Meissner’s plexus regulates the configuration of the luminal surface, controls glandular secretions, alters electrolyte and water transport and regulates local blood flow
12. What is the function of Myenteric plexus?
- Myenteric plexus supplies the GIT and controls the gastric motility
Monday, 17 February 2020
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